外研社百科通识文库（世界万象大套装共114本） MOBI,EPUB,AZW,PDF,TXT,KINDLE

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《外研社百科通识文库（世界万象大套装共114本）》一书一主题，涵盖天文学、心理学、历史、哲学、艺术和文化等，涉及30余类学科。从教育成长、经济管理、社会历史、哲学政治、法学读物、人物传记、心理行为七个方面精选出各领域的大师经典之作，帮助我们深度认识社会、了解自己，完成从无知小白到社会达人的进阶。
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1．几年前，我第一次明白，我从幼时起就将一些错误观点，当作正确的接受了，并认为此后以此为基础所得的结论，都是非常不可信的。从那时起，我坚信，必须将我有生以来所接受的观点全部抛弃，重新打基础，才能建立一个坚定可靠、经久不衰的上层科学体系。然而，对我而言，这项工程乃是浩大工程之一，因此我一直等到能足以熟谙事理，且以后不会再有任何最佳时机的年纪，才着手实行我的计划。基于这个缘由，我已等了很久，若再犹豫不决，思前虑后，不予行动，终将铸成大错。如今，我已适时放开思想，毫无顾虑，也不受任何杂念干扰，高兴不已。况且闲居于此，环境优雅，我将郑重其事、毫无保留地试将平生所学逐一推翻。

2．But, to this end, it will not be necessary for me to show that the whole of these are false—a point, perhaps, which I shall never reach; but as even now my reason convinces me that I ought not the less carefully to withhold belief from what is not entirely certain and indubitable, than from what is manifestly false, it will be sufficient to justify the rejection of the whole if I shall find in each some ground for doubt. Nor for this purpose will it be necessary even to deal with each belief individually, which would be truly an endless labor; but, as the removal from below of the foundation necessarily involves the downfall of the whole edifice, I will at once approach the criticism of the principles on which all my former beliefs rested.

2．但为达目的，而去证明自己所学皆不正确，似乎没有必要，因为如果这样做，这个目的或许永远达不到。不过，理智使我坚信，显而易见的错误不可放过，而对于并非确切无疑的更不可轻易就相信。因此，哪怕一丝可疑之处，就足以令我将其整个否定。这样一来，就无需逐个对付了，因为那将永无尽头。但大厦根基若被移走，其势将崩塌，因此，我将首先从批判旧见解所基于的原则着手。

3．All that I have, up to this moment, accepted as possessed of the highest truth and certainty, I received either from or through the senses. I observed, however, that these sometimes misled us; and it is the part of prudence not to place absolute confidence in that by which we have even once been deceived.

3．直到现在，所学之物中最真最可靠的，皆来自感觉或由感觉得来。然而，感觉有时也会误导我们。我们一定要非常谨慎，对于曾经欺骗过我们的东西，绝对不能信任。

4．But it may be said, perhaps, that, although the senses occasionally mislead us respecting minute objects, and such as are so far removed from us as to be beyond the reach of close observation, there are yet many other of their informations (presentations), of the truth of which it is manifestly impossible to doubt; as for example, that I am in this place, seated by the fire, clothed in a winter dressing gown, that I hold in my hands this piece of paper, with other intimations of the same nature. But how could I deny that I possess these hands and this body, and withal escape being classed with persons in a state of insanity, whose brains are so disordered and clouded by dark bilious vapors as to cause them pertinaciously to assert that they are monarchs when they are in the greatest poverty; or clothed (in gold) and purple when destitute of any covering; or that their head is made of clay, their body of glass, or that they are gourds? I should certainly be not less insane than they, were I to regulate my procedure according to examples so extravagant.

4．虽然，在一些细微之物以及远离我们而又不能仔细观察的东西上，感觉会误导我们，但是，也有其他许多东西，虽由感觉而认识，却毫无怀疑之理由。正如，在这里，我身穿长袍，依炉而坐，手持此纸等等诸如此类的东西。可我又怎能否认这双手和身体属于我呢？我又怎么避免其他人将我与那些疯癫之人列为一等呢？那些疯癫之人大脑被黑暗的胆汁蒸气笼罩，思维混乱。他们一贫如洗，却执拗地断言他们是君王，或者一丝不挂，却坚称他们穿金戴银，又或者信誓旦旦地说他们的头是泥做的，身体是玻璃做的，或者自诩他们是葫芦。倘若我以这些极度疯狂之人为榜样行事，恐怕我的荒诞将不亚于他们。